The good-news stories and optimism of three months ago have been consigned to the bin, as the virus, lockdowns and economic bailouts take centre stage.
There was also good news from Phase 1 of the US/China trade talks, as the US government allowed the deadline on European auto tariffs to pass – solace for car manufacturers who had been at the centre of Europe’s industrial downturn. And in November, China, the US and the European Central Bank restarted QE.
Optimists hoped this would all stimulate stronger global growth … but then came Covid-19.
At first the virus was limited to the Hubei province where Wuhan, a mid-sized Chinese industrial hub, is situated. Investors digested the impact, many assuming this was another SARS and no worse – ie, hitting only businesses with operations or supply chains in the affected areas. But the virus spread, rapidly and unevenly. Italy was the worst affected, and given its older population, mortality has been high. But it has been joined by France, and exceeded by the UK and the US. Border closures, flight cancellations, other travel restrictions, enforced working from home, limits on social contact – all have been applied globally with varying effects. But what has been universal has been the stock market impact – sharp markdowns.
Most exaggerated have been the moves in airlines and leisure as consumers have stayed home. The pause in economic activity has hit profits, balance sheets and bad debts. Consumer stocks are suffering as Chinese buyers have dried up; hopes of a return as China reopens have been offset by the European lockdowns which have destroyed demand.
The fallout is severe. The OECD says the median economy will contract by around 25%. Estimates for the US are for a 50% contraction annualised in Q2.3 For context, the peak-to-trough decline during the global financial crisis (GFC) over six quarters was 4%, which felt like a disaster at the time. Though it’s something of a fool’s errand to make predictions at such a volatile and uncertain time, we think eurozone GDP will be down -9% this year before rebounding 7% in 2021.4
So we have all lost money – regrettably so. But certain approaches and styles stand out. Value investors who focus on a simplistic assessment of price have suffered most, especially where their portfolios were skewed towards optically cheap leisure or bank stocks. Quality of business model and resistance to the shortterm volatility of economies (or even stock markets) have become prized – enough to minimise if not stave off share price falls.
What now?
The recovery will be medically driven, via slowing or stopping the spread of the virus to allow lockdowns to ease and some economic normality to return. This will need to happen swiftly if the downturn does not turn into a self-reinforcing recession. But if the lockdown is removed too quickly, infections could spike again.
The support
The monetary and fiscal response has been fast. The Fed has done more in three weeks than it did in the entire GFC. The ECB has committed to buy government and corporate bonds at a rate never seen before: a spending package of 2.3% of Eurozone GDP with a further 13% of GDP in credit guarantees. Eurozone budget deficits will reach 10%-13% of GDP this year.6 The combination of higher spending and falling output will push debt-to-GDP ratios up by 20-40 percentage points. For Germany with a starting point of 60% this might be tolerable; for Italy, debt-to-GDP going to 170% or more will be a serious threat.7
The longer-term effects of the Covid-19 crisis are numerous. Supply-chain disruptions caused by shutdowns in China will reinforce the view that moving manufacturing to low-cost countries went too far. For example, 80% of US antibiotics come from China.8 There will be huge political and social pressure to reverse offshoring, whoever wins the US election. In Europe, the Schengen open borders system has been dismantled and it is not clear when the resurrected controls will be removed; free movement of people is meant to be a cornerstone of the EU’s ethos. The Maastricht Treaty rules on fiscal discipline have been thrown out of the window. Globalisation previously kept inflation in check. Will that now change?
Traditional business cycle analysis gives no answers for a pandemic, making it hard to second-guess the rebound. The advantage we have is that our approach focuses on high-quality business models with high returns – sustainably high even in difficult environments. So our portfolios have been well-placed to cope so far, though who can deny that the next few months are going to be very interesting.
